![]() HUAC’s investigations frequently focused on exposing Communists working inside the federal government or subversive elements working in the Hollywood film industry, and the committee gained new momentum following World War II, as the Cold War began. House of Representatives, where the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC) was formed in 1938. One of the pioneering efforts to investigate communist activities took place in the U.S. Joseph McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee Yet it was only one of many questionable activities that occurred during the period of anticommunist hysteria known as the Red Scare. Truman’s loyalty program was a startling development for a country that prized the concepts of personal liberty and freedom of political organization. Truman (1884-1972) issued Executive Order 9835, also known as the Loyalty Order, which mandated that all federal employees be analyzed to determine whether they were sufficiently loyal to the government. As apprehension about Soviet influence grew as the Cold War heated up, U.S. citizens, particularly during World War II. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) had long carried out espionage activities inside America with the aid of U.S. Hoover labeled King a communist and covertly worked to intimidate and discredit the civil rights leader. Edgar Hoover was quick to equate any kind of protest with communist subversion, including the civil rights demonstrations led by Martin Luther King Jr. ![]() The intense rivalry between the two superpowers raised concerns in the United States that Communists and leftist sympathizers inside America might actively work as Soviet spies and pose a threat to U.S. They kicked off a period of unrest that became known as the “Red Summer.” Cold War Concerns About Communismįollowing World War II (1939-45), the democratic United States and the communist Soviet Union became engaged in a series of largely political and economic clashes known as the Cold War. The first Red Scare climaxed in 19, when United States Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer ordered the Palmer raids, a series of violent law-enforcement raids targeting leftist radicals and anarchists. Bombs went off in a wide number of cities including Boston, Cleveland, Philadelphia, D.C., and New York City. The fear turned to violence with the 1919 anarchist bombings, a series of bombs targeting law enforcement and government officials. The Sedition Act of 1918 targeted people who criticized the government, monitoring radicals and labor union leaders with the threat of deportation. In the United States, labor strikes were on the rise, and the press sensationalized them as being caused by immigrants bent on bringing down the American way of life. The Russian Revolution of 1917 saw the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, topple the Romanov dynasty, kicking off the rise of the communist party and inspiring international fear of Bolsheviks and anarchists. ![]() ![]() The first Red Scare occurred in the wake of World War I. ![]()
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